As a pediatrician a big part of my work is to advise families on nutrition and healthy eating. These days, I find myself talking with parents and patients more often about how they prepare their food — as in what appliances they are using to cook.
A number of studies in recent years have examined the dangers of having a gas stove in the home. They have addressed questions such as how common gas leaks from stoves really are (very common); what’s in natural gas besides methane (21 hazardous air pollutants); do these pollutants leak into our homes (they do); and do gas stoves really cause asthma (yes, about 12.7% of childhood asthma is attributed to them). All of this research shows serious harm to children and their families.
Now, in a new study from Stanford, researchers turned the stove on, testing indoor air quality under a number of common cooking situations. The results are alarming. These scientists tested several scenarios: They lit a single burner for 45 minutes — roughly how long it takes to make chicken soup. They turned the oven on to 350 degrees for 45 minutes — a common cooking setting for lasagna. They also set the oven to 475 degrees for 90 minutes — approximately the length of time it takes to preheat the oven and roast a chicken. This research found that burning gas or propane to make these staple meals created dangerous pollution inside — and not just in the kitchen, but throughout the whole house, for hours.
Specifically, these scientists were measuring benzene emissions. Benzene is a highly toxic chemical used to make plastics, pesticides and other chemical compounds. It can be found in gasoline and cigarette smoke. Benzene affects our bone marrow, damages our immune systems and impairs our ability to produce red blood cells. Exposure to it is linked to anemia and blood cancers such as leukemia. Benzene is not something we want where we eat and sleep.
The study found that cooking with gas or propane releases between 50 and 500 times as much benzene into homes as is leaked from stoves when they are off. Turning on one burner for 45 minutes created benzene levels in kitchens comparable to breathing in cigarette smoke. The benzene then drifted through the house and was detectable in bedrooms far from the kitchen.
The levels were high enough that an immediate investigation would have been triggered had they been measured in public outdoor spaces, such as one in 2020 after an outdoor air monitor in a parking lot across from North High School in Torrance, about a quarter mile from the Torrance Gas Refinery, recorded a reading of 8.84 parts per billion. This was a lower level of benzene than researchers found in a bedroom of one of the homes they tested after cooking with a gas stove.
Why do we launch investigations when benzene is detected in unsafe levels outside, but view comparable pollution from burning gas inside as normal? It’s because there are no indoor air quality standards for homes, even though that’s where we spend most of our time. And the gas industry has spent decades waging an expensive public relations campaign to get the public to believe that cooking with gas is good, while covering up their own research showing the harms that come from burning fossil fuels indoors.
The consumer rebates offered through the Inflation Reduction Act to swap gas stoves for electric are helpful. But replacing gas appliances with electric ones is just one part of investing in safe, clean and sustainable homes.
So, what can people do now? Even if a kitchen has an over-oven fan or vent, research shows that these features are unreliable in getting out gas pollution. Those who have them should turn them on anyway, but everyone should open windows throughout their homes when cooking or baking — and leave them open afterwards. This creates ways for pollutants to flow out of living spaces.
We can also reduce our reliance on gas stoves by investing in lower-cost electric products such as plug-in kettles, coffee makers, electric toaster ovens, slow cookers and microwaves, all of which will keep homes cleaner, safer and cooler.
Cooking should be something that creates nourishment and brings families together. Instead, the common gas stove is causing industrial pollution in our homes that is threatening everyone’s health.
About the author: Lisa Patel is a pediatric hospitalist, environmental scientist and executive director for the Medical Society Consortium on Climate and Health.
